A | Republican Senator Bill Cassidy has argued that an energy and healthcare reconciliation bill, called the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 and supported by Chuck Schumer and Joe Manchin, could lead to a recession despite its sponsors’ assertions that the bill would help tackle rising prices.,Speaking to ABC News on Sunday, Cassidy said that “It [the bill] may be disinflationary by causing a recession. They’re interjecting an incredible amount of uncertainty into the economy just as we entered a recession.”,“Much of what he says about this bill is just not true” the Republican added, referring to Manchin’s earlier comments on the ABC News, in which the West Virginia Democrat in particular reiterated his support of the bill after claims that the measure could increase inflation over a year and a half.,Cassidy claimed that the bill would raise taxes and lead to higher costs for consumers, adding, “I think what we’re doing is inducing [manufacturers] to move to Asia. You can have a disinflationary program by causing a recession. I think this is going to lead to a worse recession.”,He spoke as Republican Senator Mike Crapo cited not-partisan data as indicating that the Manchin-Schumer deal on the reconciliation bill would “raise billions of dollars in taxes on Americans” earning less than $400,000 annually.,Crapo pointed to an analysis conducted by the Congressional Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT), which also found that taxes would soar by about $16.7 billion on US taxpayers making less than $200,000 in 2023 and raise another $14.1 billion on those who earn between $200,000 and $500,000.,Referring to the Manchin-Schumer deal, the Senate GOP argued that “Americans are already experiencing the consequences of Democrats’ reckless economic policies” and that “the mislabeled ‘Inflation Reduction Act’ will do nothing to bring the economy out of stagnation and recession.”,“The more this bill is analyzed by impartial experts, the more we can see Democrats are trying to sell the American people a bill of goods,” Crapo, who sits on the Senate Finance Committee as a ranking member and who requested the JCT analysis, asserted.,Ashley Schapitl , a spokesperson for the Senate Finance Committee’s Chair Ron Wyden, in turn insisted that families “will not pay one penny in additional taxes under this bill.”,Schapitl claimed that the JCT analysis isn’t complete because “it doesn’t include the benefits to middle-class families of making health insurance premiums and prescription drugs more affordable. The same goes for clean energy incentives for families.”,Joe Manchin, Chuck Schumer Reach Deal on Climate, Energy, and Taxes in Surprise Announcement27 July, 23:41 GMT,This comes after Senate Majority Leader Schumer and Democratic Senator Manchin announced a deal last Wednesday on the energy and health care bill, a scaled-down version of the Build Back Better Act that the West Virginia Democrat Manchin repeatedly stymied last year.,“After many months of negotiations, we have finalized legislative text that will invest approximately $300 billion in Deficit Reduction and $369.75 billion in Energy Security and Climate Change programs over the next 10 years,” the two senators said in a joint statement after clinching the deal.,According to them, “the investments will be fully paid for by closing tax loopholes on wealthy individuals and corporations.” They added that the new agreement aims to "reduce carbon emissions by roughly 40 percent by 2030" and address inflation while also reducing the deficit.,Republicans were quick to lash out at the agreement, with Texas Senator John Cornyn slamming the new document as “Manchin’s New Build Back Broke Bill”. Cornyn insisted that “Raising taxes on job creators, crushing energy producers with new regulations, and stifling innovators looking for new cures will only make this recession worse, not better.”,In a separate development last week, President Joe Biden argued that the US economy is "on the right path" despite the GDP taking a plunge, and pushing the country into a technical recession.,“It's no surprise that the economy is slowing down as the Federal Reserve acts to bring down inflation. Even as we face historic global challenges, we are on the right path and we will come through this transition stronger and more secure,” POTUS said.,Earlier, the Commerce Department stated that the country’s GDP contracted by 0.9% in the second quarter of this year after a first quarter drop of 1.6%, in a preliminary estimate that technically placed the economy in a recession.,This followed the White House arguing that “while some maintain that two consecutive quarters of falling real GDP constitute a recession, there are other factors that need to be taken into account. Conservatives were having none of it." The claims provoked flak from Republicans, with Donald Trump Jr. tweeting that “apparently the White House is changing the definition of recession this week so we can pretend that we're not in one.”。 当谈到人体器官时，大脑和它们一样复杂，同样，它也是一个非常难以研究的对象。
B | 近年来，我们看到科学家在实验室培养的大脑器官方面取得了令人印象深刻的进展。这些干细胞开始接触生长因子，以刺激其成熟为不同类型的脑细胞，然后将其组装成类似于大脑中的三维结构。这不会产生意识，但确实为科学家提供了一个研究癫痫、自闭症、精神分裂症等疾病的模型，并研究不同药物的效果。我们还看到了一些版本的脑器官，它们能够生长出自己的血管，发出电信号，甚至生长出能够感知光线的基本眼睛。去年，斯坦福大学医学院精神病学和行为科学教授Sergiu Pasca共同撰写了一份关于20个月大的实验室培养的大脑器官的研究。在这项工作之前，人们认为实验室培养的大脑没有能力成熟到相当于胎儿发育的阶段。这项研究证明，这些有机体可以像人脑一样成熟，遵循内部时钟，在与体内发育平行的时间轴上达到产后成熟度。虽然Pasca和该领域的其他人继续开发代表不同大脑区域的先进有机体，如大脑皮层，但在培养皿中研究这些结构有其局限性。Pasca说：“我们一直在使用有机体和它们的复杂组合在培养皿里制作越来越复杂的电路，称为组装体。
C | 但是，与你在自然发育的人类大脑中看到的情况相比，这些实验皿中的神经元在发育方面仍然落后。
D | 许多挑战--例如缺乏营养物质和生长因子、形成血管的内皮细胞或感觉输入--阻碍了实验皿中的发育。”在他们的最新工作中，Pasca和他的团队将类似于人类大脑皮层的大脑器官移植到近100只幼鼠体内。这些幼鼠两三天大，相当于人类的婴儿期，在这个阶段被植入，以便器官可以形成连接并与它们自己的大脑共同进化。
E | 不久之后，大鼠内皮细胞迁移到人体组织中，形成血管，为其提供营养和信号能力，以处理废物。大鼠大脑中的免疫细胞紧随其后，在移植的组织中自成一体。从那以后，植入的器官组织不仅存活下来，而且成长到占据了它们被植入的大鼠大脑半球的大约三分之一的位置。
F | 来自器官的单个神经元也迅速生长，在大鼠大脑中形成了与啮齿类动物天然大脑电路的连接，包括与丘脑区域的连接，该区域负责传递来自身体的感觉信息。
G | Pasca表示：“这种连接可能为人类神经元的最佳成熟和整合提供了必要的信号。
H | ”科学家们随后将目光转向了疾病，利用来自蒂莫西综合症患者的皮肤细胞创建了一个类器官，蒂莫西综合症是一种与自闭症和癫痫有关的大脑疾病。这个类器官被移植到老鼠大脑的一侧，而由健康受试者的细胞创建的类器官被移植到另一侧作为对照。五到六个月后，这显示了电活动的明显差异，而蒂莫西综合症的神经元也小得多，并且具有较少的信号结构，称为树突。Pasca说：“通过研究保存在培养皿中的器官，我们已经了解了很多关于蒂莫西综合症的情况。但只有通过移植，我们才能看到这些与神经元活动有关的差异。”但最引人注目的发现来自于旨在衡量混合大脑处理感官信息能力的实验。
I | 将空气吹向大鼠的胡须，科学家们发现这使得人类的神经元有了电的反应。另一个实验涉及经过改造的器官，使其对蓝光作出反应，蓝光通过超薄光纤电缆施放。蓝光脉冲被用来激活这些神经元，只有在这些蓝光事件发生后，大鼠才能获得水。这发生在一个为期15天的"训练期"，教导大鼠，这些神经元的激活意味着奖励即将到来，促使它们在期待中窜向水口。大鼠学会了将蓝光刺激与水的供应联系起来，这表明植入的人体组织可以作为大鼠大脑寻求奖励电路的一部分发挥作用。
J | 奥地利分子生物技术研究所科学主任Jürgen Knoblich博士说：“研究人员表明，人类神经元在被激活时，会干扰大鼠的行为，”他没有参与这项研究。“人类细胞在功能上与大鼠的大脑相连。这就是这项工作如此出色的原因。
K | ”Pasca将此描述为有史以来由人类皮肤细胞炮制的最先进的人类大脑电路，并说该平台是第一个在这种情况下为人类细胞提供行为读数的平台。由于能够控制和观察对大鼠行为的影响，该技术为研究神经精神疾病提供了令人兴奋的新机会。Pasca说：“我们现在可以研究健康的大脑发育以及被理解为在发育过程中扎根的大脑疾病，而不需要从人脑中切除组织，这是前所未有的细节。我们还可以利用这个新平台来测试治疗神经精神疾病的新药物和基因疗法。
L | ”这项研究发表在《自然》杂志上。
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